Competitive rights, competitive claims : land access in post-war Mozambique

Dubious government activities and official unwillingness to confront land tenure reform issues are noted as exacerbating an already confusing situation marked by competitive and overlapping land claims. Drawing upon field research throughout the country, the study reveals that in the past three years government agencies have been haphazardly distributing land rights to new and returning private national and foreign enterprises and government officials. It is estimated that more than half of Mozambique"s total land area has been granted in concessions or "sold" to commercial enterprises. This practice is leading to the emergence of a new category of post-war displaced families. A case study of land access and competition in two locations in Gaza Province reveals that, contrary to government predictions, all refugees and displaced families are not returning to their "areas of origin." Motivated by continuing security concerns and economic considerations, many are locating in areas near infrastructure, markets, and transportation. The case also illuminates how war and colonial and post-independence policies have generated multiple layers of competitive claimants. Resolving these land conflicts will necessitate more secure and transparent land rights and a clarification of who has power to distribute rights and adjudicate conflicts. The paper concludes that the government, in redesigning its land laws in ways conducive to long-term economic growth and political stability, should encourage a dialogue with all segments of Mozambican society and, rather than viewing smallholders and customary rules as impediments or "backwards," incorporate them as active partners. Includes references. (Author abstract)