Development and diffusion of new agricultural technology

Improved technology can originate and spread through farmers, industry serving agriculture, and public sponsored research and outreach activities. The effects of these three groups are often intertwined. First comes widespread folk technology, involving the adaptation of seeds, breeds, and practices to new locations. The second stage is an expansion of mechanical technology, developed by both farmers and industrial firms. The third stage involves the development of biochemical technology derived from a growth in scientific understanding. A combination of the three stages may usually be found in one LDC. The components of improved science and technology are research, education, and extension. A.I.D. has been involved in supporting all three institutional forms. Although the three components compete for resources, they can have a highly complementary effect when combined in the right balance. The author of this report suggests that there is a need for more coordination of A.I.D.-sponsored research activities, both within the agency and with other sponsoring organizations; that the main educational needs in agriculture must be provided by indigenous institutions; and that a greater effort be made to reach disadvantaged students and to provide a practical perspective to their training. The report recommends more specialists for A.I.D. operations, especially in agricultural education and extension.