Earthquake reconstruction, Friuli, Italy, 1976-1982 : five years after lessons learned, May 1987

Ex post eval, focusing on lessons learned that can be applied in a similar program in southern Italy, covers the period 1976-82 and is based on site visits and interviews with local officials. The following lessons have been learned from A.I.D.'s experience in Friuli. (1) Little advantage was gained from the use of an Italian veterans' organization as a contracting intermediary. The southern program has found direct contracting to be more efficient and effective. (2) Homes for the aged appear to be as needed and as well utilized as schools. Ultimate operating responsibility and resources should be determined in advance in either case. (3) Steel or reinforced concrete faced with brick seems to be the most attractive and least troublesome construction material. (4) Pressed chipboard should only be used for construction above ground level; if it comes into contact with the foundation, it will absorb moisture. (5) Brick and tile facing require less maintenance than does plaster. (6) Kitchen and dining facilities are unlikely to be used in schools above the elementary level. The furnishing of kitchen and dining equipment should be left to local authorities. (7) Laboratories and shops should also be furnished by local authorities; it is clear that the resources to do so can be found if the community wishes. (8) Requests for libraries should be reviewed carefully. Funds are limited and there is apparently little interest in stocking and staffing them. (9) Gymnasiums and multipurpose areas should not have panelled ceilings, lights, or heating units that can be damaged by thrown balls and the like. (10) Without exception, all external doors should open out - even if this exceeds local safety standards. All auditoriums should have large exit doors opening directly to the outdoors. (11) Stairways should be wide and no decorative glass panels should be used on stairways or balconies. Balcony and terrace railings should be vertical - not horizontal - to prevent children from climbing them. (12) If flat roofs must be used, careful attention should be given to waterproofing. Copper is apparently the best roofing material, although it is initially expensive. (13) Shrubs should not be provided by A.I.D. If local authorities provide them, there is more chance they will be cared for. (Author abstract, modified)