Instructional film, optimizing its instructional effectiveness

THE RESEARCH REVIEW INCLUDES SUCH TOPICS AS EARLY USES OF INSTRUCTIONAL FILM, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FILM AND TELEVISION, THE RATIONALE FOR USING INSTRUCTIONAL FILM, HYPOTHESES CONCERNING USES, FILM LITERACY, COMPARATIVE RESEARCH FINDINGS, THE PRESENT STATUS OF RESEARCH, AND EFFECTIVE USE OF EXISTING INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS. THE RECOMMENDATIONS PRESENTED: (1) FUTURE STUDIES OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTRUCTIONAL FILM SHOULD SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARTICULAR FILM ATTRIBUTES, LEARNER CHARACTERISTICS, AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES; (2) TO ACCOMPLISH THIS, EVALUATION TOOLS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED; (3) MORE STUDIES SHOULD BE CONDUCTED ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS USED FOR HOME STUDY; (4) IN-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMS SHOULD HELP TEACHERS LEARN HOW TO TEACH WITH FILMS; (5) INSTRUCTIONAL FILM USE SHOULD BE PLANNED WHEN THE COURSE IS PLANNED; (6) STUDENTS NEED TO LEARN HOW TO LEARN FROM INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, RATHER THAN REGARDING THEM AS PASSIVE ENTERTAINMENT; (7) TEACHERS CAN ASSURE THIS BY PROVIDING INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES, SUMMARIES, OR QUESTIONS BEFORE THE FILM IS SHOWN; (8) SUBJECT-MATTER SPECIALISTS AND PRODUCTION EXPERTS SHOULD WORK TOGETHER TO PRODUCE HIGH-QUALITY FILMS; USE OF PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION SHOULD HELP PRODUCE BETTER INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS; (9) AN INSTRUCTIONAL FILM SHOULD BE TESTED AND EVALUATED IN AN ACTUAL LEARNING SITUATION.