Scope of `biological diversity" in Burma, with special commentary on the role of women

This report examines threats to the country"s biological diversity, concentrating primarily on the forest and fishery sectors and on wildlife, with some attention to agriculture. The most important indicators of environmental degradation are identified as: (1) deforestation in hills caused by shifting cultivation; (2) deforestation in the dry zone due to population pressure, demand for firewood, and over-exploitation of forestry resources; (3) degradation of mangrove forests to expand rice cultivation; (4) reduction in tree species by substituting bamboo or teak for other forest types in tree plantation programs; and (5) soil erosion and sedimentation due to forest fires, siltation, and absence of watershed management. Major causes of reduction in species diversity include: (1) habitat destruction; (2) uncontrolled hunting, poaching, and illegal trade; (3) misuse of pesticides and agricultural chemicals; and (4) lack of knowledge of conservation or species status. The report also identifies priority species for conservation, describes environmental projects, and assesses related institutions, individuals, and legislation. It states that Burma"s environmental protection laws are not only inadequate, but poorly enforced due to lack of manpower and equipment, administrative inefficiency, local corruption, travel and communication difficulties, and public apathy. Potential USAID/Burma projects are proposed, with special consideration for involving women.