Testing to learn ... learning to test : improving educational testing in developing countries

It provides the information needed to evaluate and improve testing systems in a way that will contribute to better teaching and learning. It addresses policy, technical, and public relations aspects of the testing process. Because testing is often used as a means of social control, it also discusses the social dimensions of testing reform. Chapter 1 overviews the principles of good teaching and learning that should be considered when developing and analyzing tests. Chapter 2 outlines the differences between examinations and assessments and suggests ways policymakers can use each to improve educational quality. Differences between norm- and criterion-referenced tests are discussed, and continuous assessment is defined. Chapter 3 explains different types of test items and how each type may influence teaching and learning. Chapter 4 discusses the importance of creating specifications and marking guides to improve essay tests, of conducting marking sessions in groups, and of training those who will mark essay tests. Chapter 5 suggests ways in which examinations, national assessments, and continuous assessment can be integrated. Chapter 6 discusses the importance of preparing a test plan that provides an opportunity for relevant groups and individuals to consider what is most important for students to know and do. Chapter 7 details item specifications: what they are, why they are important, and what they look like. Chapter 8 addresses ways test results can be used to help improve teachers" classroom practices and to provide useful information to policymakers. Finally, Chapter 9 summarizes the steps needed to improve a testing system so that it has a positive influence on teaching and learning; it also highlights difficulties to avoid in preparing a testing system. Appendices provide examples of various aspects of an effective testing system as sample performance tasks, open-ended questions, marking guides, and test-item specifications. Includes references. (Author abstract, modified)