Effective Enabling Environments for Inclusive Urban Water and Sanitation Provision: Desk review of the policies, regulations, institutional arrangements, and other associated factors for effective urban water and sanitation service delivery

The World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund’s Joint Monitoring Programme estimated that less than 58 percent of urban residents in low-income countries had access to safely managed drinking water services in 2020, while only 21 percent had access to safely managed sanitation (WHO/UNICEF 2022). Inclusive water and sanitation service delivery depends on the interplay among various public and private actors operating across different scales, geographic areas, and stages of the service chain. As a result, recent initiatives such as citywide inclusive sanitation have explicitly recognized that comprehensive urban service provision in low-income countries often requires a diversity of strategies to meet the needs of different segments of the population. This study sought to understand the policies, regulations, institutional arrangements, and contextual factors that supported progress toward universal and inclusive urban water and sanitation service delivery. This product was developed by USAID’s Urban Resilience by Building Partnerships and Applying New Evidence in WASH (URBAN WASH) Activity.