Biology and culture of marine bivalve molluscs of the genus Anadara

These cockles are harvested on a subsistence basis in many tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas (e.g., Colombia, Fiji, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, Japan, and Indonesia). The important species are Anadara granosa (L.), A. subcrenata (Lischke), and A. broughtoni (Schrenk). Hatchery production, if economical, could overcome the considerable year to year variability in supply of spat of some species. However, the major constraint to improving productivity of culture beds is predation by gastropod drills and starfish. (Author abstract, modified)