Decline and renewal : causes and cures of decay among foreign - trained intellectuals and professionals in the Third World

The study describes the characteristics and manifestations of professional decay and cites as causes: (1) the drift of professionals and intellectuals into bureaucracies; (2) inadequate compensation and support services; (3) loss of facility in the English language; (4) cultural and social constraints; (5) effects of the worldwide recession of the late 1970"s and early 1980"s; and (6) limited interactions among academic, corporate, and government communities. Country profiles for Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey are presented as representative of developing countries, and programs in these countries and in the United States in which efforts to maintain professional competencies are reaping tangible benefits are identified. In conclusion, the study proposes a variety of devices, policies, and practices through which increased resistance to and reversal of decay can be obtained.