Public sector implementation; an overview and bibliography

The realization that there is more to program and policy success than planning has caused a greater focus on the area of implementation, or policy execution, in the public administration and management literature. This study looks at the existing knowledge to ascertain how implementation has figured in the programming and design process; to look at the social, economic, organizational and other variables that impact on implementation; and to assess what can be applied to assure more effective implementation of development projects. It clarifies what is meant by implementation and highlights factors involved in the public sector implementation process. The studies reviewed cover both developed and developing country contexts. The overview section first presents several definitions and then discusses the issues of implementation analysis and participatory planning. Important variables in the implementation process are highlighted and organizational capabilities required for successful implementation are reviewed. This report is designed to acquaint the reader with some of the major issues associated with public sector implementation and to serve as a guide for further study. The study is useful for anyone engaged in the business of development, but it was prepared for managers who have taken A.I.D."s two-week course in Project Management.