Reconnaissance survey in the Likouala Swamps of Northern Congo and its implications for conservation

The aims of the study were to: (1) obtain preliminary information on distribution and density of large mammals in the swamps, particularly elephants and gorillas; (2) collect preliminary data on hunting practices and the importance and extent of the bushmeat trade in the Botala region; (3) assess the possible impact of hunting on large mammal populations in the swamps; (4) discuss the potential and/or need for conservation in the Likoula swamps. Swamp vegetation where Raphia sp. is dominant contained exceptionally high gorilla densities, strongly suggesting that the Likouala swamps offer primary habitat and hold a high population of gorillas. Elephants use the swamps during the dry season as part of an annual migration from terra firma forests, the motivation apparently being to feed on Raphia sp. and obtain water. Poaching at this time is heavy. Monkey densities were low, though they increased with distance into the swamps. Hunting is extensive in the region, with a system of canals allowing pirogue access deep into the swamps. Market hunting, along with the loss of traditional hunting methods, customs, and land tenure systems, appear to be primarily responsible for increased hunting and reduced large mammal abundance. The rural economy is based almost entirely on natural resources, of which bushmeat is by far the most important component. Sustainable management of wildlife is therefore essential for human welfare and conservation of the swamp ecosystem. The swamps have very high conservation value and a project of integrated land management based around core areas where mammal densities are high is suggested as an appropriate management strategy. (Author abstract)