The Impacts of Targeted Pro-Poor Sanitation Subsidies within Open Defecation Free Communities in Northern Ghana

However, the poor often do not benefit equally from CLTS programs. They tend to construct toilets of lower quality and are more likely to revert to open defecation over time, raising public health concerns for these households and their neighbors. Accordingly, there is increasing interest in targeted subsidies to support the poor and vulnerable. This study by USAID Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Partnerships and Learning For Sustainability (WASHPALS) evaluates a targeted subsidy program that serves as a follow-up to CLTS implementation to support movement up the sanitation ladder after ODF status has been achieved.