ICF
Growth Reference Standards and flags are used to assess the quality of anthropometric data collected by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program between 2005 and 2014.
2015 · 82 pages

Abstract
Anthropometry data quality measures include z-score standard deviations, heaping of height, weight, and age, and DHS flags. These measures are used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the data. The DHS program collects anthropometric data on children aged 0-59 months, including height, weight, and age. The data are used to calculate z-scores, which are standardized measures of height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age. The z-scores are then used to determine the percentage of children who are stunted, underweight, or overweight. The study analyzed data from 52 DHS surveys conducted between 2005 and 2014. The results showed that the percentage of children aged 0-59 months who are stunted ranged from 30% to 60% across the surveys. The percentage of children who are underweight ranged from 20% to 40% across the surveys. The percentage of children who are overweight ranged from 10% to 30% across the surveys. The study also found that the standard deviations of z-scores varied across the surveys. The standard deviations of height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) ranged from 0.5 to 1.5, while the standard deviations of weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) ranged from 0.5 to 1.5. The standard deviations of weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) ranged from 0.5 to 1.5. Heaping of height, weight, and age was observed in some of the surveys. Heaping of height and weight measurements was more common in surveys conducted in countries with lower socioeconomic status. Heaping of age measurements was more common in surveys conducted in countries with lower literacy rates. The study also analyzed the use of DHS flags, which are used to identify children who are outside the plausible limits of height and weight. The results showed that the use of DHS flags varied across the surveys. The use of DHS flags was more common in surveys conducted in countries with higher socioeconomic status. The study concluded that the quality of anthropometric data collected by the DHS program between 2005 and 2014 was generally good. However, there were some variations in the quality of the data across the surveys. The study recommended that the DHS program continue to monitor and evaluate the quality of the data to ensure that it meets the required standards. The study also found that the standard deviations of z-scores were higher in surveys conducted in countries with lower socioeconomic status. The study recommended that the DHS program consider using more robust methods to estimate the standard deviations of z-scores in surveys conducted in countries with lower socioeconomic status. The study analyzed the relationship between the standard deviations of z-scores and background variables such as socioeconomic status, literacy rate, and urbanization. The results showed that the standard deviations of z-scores were higher in surveys conducted in countries with lower socioeconomic status, lower literacy rate, and lower urbanization. The study concluded that the quality of anthropometric data collected by the DHS program between 2005
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