Latent class analysis of ‘good citizenship’ forms among youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The 'enthusiastic citizens' class is characterised by a strong sense of civic duty, high levels of trust in institutions, and a propensity to challenge traditional gender stereotypes. In contrast, the 'outsiders' class is marked by a lack of engagement with civic life, low institutional trust, and a tendency to conform to traditional gender roles. The study employed latent class analysis to identify these distinct classes, using data from The National Survey of Citizens' Perceptions in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2017. The sample consisted of a nationally representative group of 831 young adults born between 1987 and 2001. The analysis revealed that the 'enthusiastic citizens' class accounted for approximately 45% of the sample, while the 'outsiders' class comprised around 55%. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for policymakers seeking to foster active citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina's transitional economy. The research also contributes to the broader agenda on citizenship norms, extending beyond the Western European context. The study's results highlight the importance of addressing the underlying factors driving the 'outsiders' class, including low institutional trust and traditional gender stereotypes. The 'enthusiastic citizens' class is characterised by a strong sense of civic duty, with 75% of respondents reporting a willingness to participate in community activities. This class also exhibits high levels of trust in institutions, with 60% of respondents expressing confidence in the government and 55% in the media. In contrast, the 'outsiders' class is marked by a lack of engagement with civic life, with only 20% of respondents reporting participation in community activities. The study's findings also shed light on the relationship between good citizenship and gender stereotypes. The 'enthusiastic citizens' class is more likely to challenge traditional gender roles, with 40% of respondents reporting a willingness to engage in non-traditional activities. In contrast, the 'outsiders' class is more likely to conform to traditional gender roles, with 60% of respondents reporting a preference for traditional activities. The study's results have significant implications for policymakers seeking to promote active citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The findings suggest that addressing the underlying factors driving the 'outsiders' class, including low institutional trust and traditional gender stereotypes, is crucial for fostering a more engaged and active citizenry. The study's results also highlight the importance of promoting civic education and civic education programs that challenge traditional gender roles and promote a more inclusive understanding of good citizenship.