Примена на IPM при производството на асталско грозје

Planning is a crucial step in IPM, encompassing the selection of location, system, and establishment of regular intervals (slope, sunlight, wind) for optimal grape production. Agricultural measures are also essential in IPM, including the implementation of a basic residence system, application of green residence (pruning, fertilization, weeding), soil treatment, and irrigation methods and timing. Biological measures, such as the use of resistant varieties, application of pheromones, and testing of test plants, are also employed to control pests and diseases. Chemical protection is used as a last resort, with registered and approved products in the Republic of Macedonia and recognized by international environmental and health organizations, such as the EPA and WHO. Economic significant diseases of Astal's varieties in RM include downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), botrytis (Botrytis cinerea), phomopsis (Phomopsis viticola), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs). Bacterial cancer of grapevine (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) is also a significant concern. Economic significant pests of Astal's varieties in RM include the grape berry moth (Polychrosis (=Lobesia) botrana), the yellow grape berry moth (Clysia ambiguella), the lozenge grape mealybug (Pseudococcus citri), and eriophyid mites (Eriophyes vitis, Calepitrimerus vitis). Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is a significant disease affecting all green parts of the grapevine, including leaves, tendrils, flowers, and young berries. The conditions for infection include leaf size of 2-3 cm, 2-3 days of average daytime temperature above 11°C, and 2-3 rainy days with a minimum of 10 mm of water. The prognosis for downy mildew infection is based on the Muller (a/b-b=c) model, as well as the Merziani and Lipitskaya SSET-61°C model. Monitoring for the appearance of yellow spots is essential in detecting downy mildew infection.